ABSTRACT
Resumen Los casos de VIH no diagnosticados contribuyen al incremento de nuevas infecciones, estimar esta cifra es importante para evaluar estrategias en los programas de control de VIH. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el número de casos de VIH no diagnosticados en la Región Cajamarca, Perú entre el 2015 y 2021. Los casos de VIH se obtuvieron de tres fuentes de información: La Estrategia Sanitaria Regional de Prevención y Control de VIH (ESPC-VIH); el aplicativo de notificación epidemiológica de VIH (Noti-VIH) y el sistema de información de laboratorio (Netlab). Se vincularon las tres bases de datos; un análisis de captura recaptura mediante un modelo log-linear, proporcionó estimaciones del número de casos de VIH no diagnosticados, tomando en cuenta las interacciones y el criterio de información de Akaike. Después de la vinculación se obtuvo 991 casos de VIH registrados. Se estimaron 1388 casos (IC 95%: 1265,6-1542,8) de personas viviendo con VIH, de los cuales 393 (28,4%) no fueron diagnosticados. El subregistro de cada fuente fue 51,9% en la ESPC-VIH, 63,6% en Netlab y 88% en Noti-VIH. Se concluyó que un número elevado de casos de VIH no fueron diagnosticados, siendo necesario replantear estrategias para incrementar la detección sistemática de casos de VIH.
Abstract Undiagnosed HIV cases contribute to the increase in new infections, therefore estimating this figure is important in order to assess strategies in HIV control programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of undiagnosed HIV cases in the Cajamarca region in Peru between 2015 and 2021. HIV cases were obtained from three sources of information: The Regional Health Strategy for HIV Prevention and Control (ESPC-HIV); the HIV epidemiological notification application (Noti-HIV), and the laboratory information system (Netlab). The three databases were linked; a capture-recapture analysis using a log-linear model provided estimates of the number of undiagnosed HIV cases, taking into account interactions and the Akaike information criterion. After linkage, 991 registered HIV cases were obtained. An estimated 1388 cases (95%CI: 1265.6-1542.8) of people living with HIV were estimated, of which 393 (28.4%) were not diagnosed. The underreporting of each source was: 51.9% in the ESPC-HIV; 63.6% in Netlab; and 88% in Noti-HIV. The conclusion drawn was that a high number of HIV cases went undiagnosed, and strategies need to be reconsidered to increase the systematic detection of HIV cases.
ABSTRACT
Undiagnosed HIV cases contribute to the increase in new infections, therefore estimating this figure is important in order to assess strategies in HIV control programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of undiagnosed HIV cases in the Cajamarca region in Peru between 2015 and 2021. HIV cases were obtained from three sources of information: The Regional Health Strategy for HIV Prevention and Control (ESPC-HIV); the HIV epidemiological notification application (Noti-HIV), and the laboratory information system (Netlab). The three databases were linked; a capture-recapture analysis using a log-linear model provided estimates of the number of undiagnosed HIV cases, taking into account interactions and the Akaike information criterion. After linkage, 991 registered HIV cases were obtained. An estimated 1388 cases (95%CI: 1265.6-1542.8) of people living with HIV were estimated, of which 393 (28.4%) were not diagnosed. The underreporting of each source was: 51.9% in the ESPC-HIV; 63.6% in Netlab; and 88% in Noti-HIV. The conclusion drawn was that a high number of HIV cases went undiagnosed, and strategies need to be reconsidered to increase the systematic detection of HIV cases.
Los casos de VIH no diagnosticados contribuyen al incremento de nuevas infecciones, estimar esta cifra es importante para evaluar estrategias en los programas de control de VIH. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el número de casos de VIH no diagnosticados en la Región Cajamarca, Perú entre el 2015 y 2021. Los casos de VIH se obtuvieron de tres fuentes de información: La Estrategia Sanitaria Regional de Prevención y Control de VIH (ESPC-VIH); el aplicativo de notificación epidemiológica de VIH (Noti-VIH) y el sistema de información de laboratorio (Netlab). Se vincularon las tres bases de datos; un análisis de captura recaptura mediante un modelo log-linear, proporcionó estimaciones del número de casos de VIH no diagnosticados, tomando en cuenta las interacciones y el criterio de información de Akaike. Después de la vinculación se obtuvo 991 casos de VIH registrados. Se estimaron 1388 casos (IC 95%: 1265,6-1542,8) de personas viviendo con VIH, de los cuales 393 (28,4%) no fueron diagnosticados. El subregistro de cada fuente fue 51,9% en la ESPC-VIH, 63,6% en Netlab y 88% en Noti-VIH. Se concluyó que un número elevado de casos de VIH no fueron diagnosticados, siendo necesario replantear estrategias para incrementar la detección sistemática de casos de VIH.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Humans , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Linear Models , Peru/epidemiology , Disease Notification , Health Information SystemsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pertussis is an infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In Peru, actual public health programs indicate that vaccination against B. pertussis must be mandatory and generalized, besides all detected cases must be reported. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of B. pertussis among children under five years of age with a presumptive diagnosis of whopping cough in Cajamarca, a region located in northern Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population of this cross-sectional study were children under 5 years old hospitalized as presumptive cases of pertussis during December 2017 to December 2018. The nasopharyngeal samples were analyzed by real-time PCR for the detection of B. pertussis. RESULTS: B. pertussis was identified as PCR + in 42.3% of our sample (33/78). The clinical presentation that was observed most frequently includes paroxysmal coughing (97%), difficulty breathing (69.7%), cyanosis (72.7%) and post-tussive emesis (60.6%). Additionally, pneumonia was the most observed complication (33.3%). Four of the patients with PCR+ for B. pertussis presented only lymphocytosis, five only leukocytosis, two patients with decreased leukocytosis and lymphocytes and only one patient with leukopenia and relative lymphocytosis. There was a percentage of 84.8% of unvaccinated children in the PCR+ group. Finally, the mother was the most frequent symptom carrier (18.2%). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, in the studied population there is a high rate of PCR+ cases for B. pertussis. Laboratory values may show leukopenia or lymphopenia in patients with pertussis. It is necessary to use appropriate laboratory diagnostic tests in all infants with respiratory symptoms for B. pertussis. Since, the clinical diagnosis overestimates the diagnosis of pertussis.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Acute infective gastroenteritis (AIG) is a leading cause of mortality in children worldwide. In Peru, more than 40% of cases of AIG occurring in children under 5 years old. The disruption of the gut microbiota can increase risk for several health complications especially in patients with gastric infections caused by viruses or bacteria. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of 13 representative bacteria from the gut microbiota (GM) in stools samples from children under 5 years of age with acute infective gastroenteritis. RESULTS: The most commonly isolated bacteria from the GM were Firmicutes (63.2% 74/117) Bacteriodetes (62.4%; 73/117), Lactobacillus (59.8%; 70/117), Prevotella (57.2%; 67/117), Proteobacterium (53.8%; 63/117), regardless of the etiological agent responsible for the AIG. Interestingly, despite the high prevalence of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus and Prevotella across all samples, a visible reduction of these agents was observed especially among patients with a single bacterial infection or even bacteria-bacteria coinfections when compared to viral etiologies. Patients with exclusive or mixed breastfeeding registered the highest amount of gut microbiota bacteria, in contrast to infants who received formula or were not breastfed.
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INTRODUCTION: Diarrhea remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age especially in low-income countries. In Peru, epidemiological reports about enteropathogens related to acute diarrhea are scarce in rural areas. The aim of this study was to describe the etiology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics of the principal causes of acute infectious diarrhea in in a northern rural region of Peru. METHODOLOGY: A prospective study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2012 to describe the main pathogens causing acute diarrhea using PCR assay. RESULTS: A total of 117 children diagnosed with acute diarrhea were included in the study. A single etiological agent was identified in 41.03% of samples, being rotavirus followed by norovirus and Shigella. Co-infections containing virus and bacteria were found in 22.22% of samples. Vomiting was most commonly found symptoms in 58.97% cases followed by fever (54.70%). Malnutrition was detected in 14.53% of the children. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of rotavirus, as well as adenovirus and norovirus, was observed in the present study. Shigella was the most common bacteria found in acute diarrhea in the area. The implementation of a better surveillance system is mandatory in order to identify the principal etiologies of gastroenteritis in the rural areas of Peru and to develop of better prevention strategies and reduce diarrhea-associated mortalities.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Bordetella pertussis is an important human pathogen that causes whooping cough (pertussis), an endemic illness responsible of significant morbidity and mortality, especially in infants and children. Worldwide, there are an estimated of 16 million cases of pertussis, resulting in about 195,000 child deaths per year. In Peru, pertussis is a major health problem that has been on the increase despite immunization efforts. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of B. pertussis among children under five years of age suspected to have whopping cough in Cajamarca, Peru. METHODOLOGY: Children diagnosed with whooping cough admitted to the Hospital Regional de Cajamarca from August 2010 to July 2013 were included. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained for B. pertussis culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. RESULTS: In 133 children, the pertussis toxin and IS481 gene were detected in 38.35% (51/133) of the cases by PCR, while only 9.02% (12/133) of the Bordetella cultures were positive. The most frequent symptoms in patients with positive B. pertussis were paroxysm of coughing 68.63% (35/51), cyanosis 56.86% (29/51), respiratory distress 43.14% (22/51), and fever 39.22% (20/51). Pneumonia and acute bronchial obstructive syndrome were present in 17.65% (9/51) and 13.72% (7/51) of the cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: B. pertussis is responsible for an important proportion of whooping cough in hospitalized children in Cajamarca. Epidemiologic surveillance programs for B. pertussis are essential in Peru, especially in children who could most benefit from the vaccine.
